Research ; Olorunmodimu Ayomide
BACKGROUND/INTRODUCTION
In the first place, what do you understand by the word 'Fascism'? Fascism is a far-right political philosophy, or theory of government, that emerged in the early twentieth century. Fascism prioritizes the nation over the individual, who exists to serve the nation. While fascist movements could be found in almost every country following World War I, fascism was most successful in Italy and Germany. Fascism emerged as a political movement in twentieth century Europe when Benito Mussolini founded the Partito Nazionale Fascista (National Fascist Party) in Italy in 1919. Germany embraced fascism more than any other country. The Nazi government that ruled under Adolf Hitler between 1933 and 1945 was a fascist government. Fascism is a far-right theory of government that opposes the political philosophies of the Enlightenment and the 19th century, including democratic liberalism, communism, and socialism.
Fascism, a radical ideology that swept through Europe in the early 20th century, left a lasting impact on the world. Two countries, Italy and Germany, were at the forefront of this movement, with devastating consequences. After World War I, both Italy and Germany faced significant challenges, including economic instability, political unrest, and a sense of national humiliation. This created a fertile ground for extremist ideologies like fascism to take root.
This research will explore the key factors that contributed to the rise of fascism in Italy and Germany, examining the similarities and differences between the two countries and the implications of their experiences for contemporary society.
ORIGIN/HISTORICAL CONTEXT
The rise of fascism in Europe was the pivotal event in modern history, and began in Italy and Germany in the mid-19th century. Whereas other established states such as Britain, France and Spain, had a clear political structure and unified economy, the two nations at the centre of Europe were but a collection of small independent states, linked in loose coalitions. Their transformation into fascist dictatorships was accelerated by nationalism, the First World War and the devastating effects of the inter-war period. As Theodore Roosevelt once said: ‘People who are hungry and out of a job are the stuff of which dictatorships are made’.
ITALY
Italy became a unified country in 1861 under King Victor Emmanuel II, but it wasn't fully unified until 1870 when Rome and the Papal States were annexed. Before nationalism took hold, Italians identified more with their local towns and villages, a sense known as "campanilismo". This term comes from the Italian word for clock tower, which was often the pride of each town and a focal point. As nationalism grew, a movement called irredentism emerged, advocating for areas with Italian culture, language, or history to be under Italian rule. However, Italy lacked the power to challenge Austria-Hungary, which controlled many of these territories.
The future fascist party blamed the government's weakness for not capturing these lands. They used propaganda to promote their ideology, often depicting Mussolini as a strong leader and Italy as a resurgent power. This propaganda machine played a significant role in shaping public opinion and creating a sense of national unity. Italy's transformation began with its unification in 1861 under King Victor Emmanuel II, followed by a surge in nationalism and economic growth, turning it into an industrialized state. World War I proved to be a pivotal moment, with Italy fighting bloody battles against the Austro-Hungarians, particularly the 12 Battles of Isonzo, resulting in significant losses. Despite being on the winning side, Italy's gains from the Treaty of Versailles were minimal, limited to small territories around Trieste, leading to widespread resentment and a sense of betrayal among Italians. This sentiment was capitalized on by Benito Mussolini and the Fascist Party, who gained substantial support due to Italy's struggling post-war economy and perceived injustices. The Fascist Party's rise to power was marked by violent clashes with Socialist and Communist parties, ultimately leading to the formation of a fascist dictatorship. In 1922, Mussolini marched on Rome, prompting the Prime Minister's resignation and the king's inability to form a new government. Victor Emmanuel then invited Mussolini to become Prime Minister, effectively reducing himself to a figurehead. By 1924, the Fascist Party had secured 66% of the vote, and in 1926, Mussolini was granted the authority to rule by decree, banning opposition parties and establishing Italy as the first fascist state in Europe.
GERMANY
Germany became a unified nation in 1871, with Otto von Bismarck as its chancellor. He formed a new government, the Reichstag, but it had limited power. The Social Democratic Party was the only party that opposed Bismarck, and they gained popularity in the early 20th century. Nationalist sentiment grew, and Germany engaged in a naval arms race with Britain. This led to a deterioration in their relationship. When Austria-Hungary sent a harsh ultimatum to Serbia, Germany backed them, leading to a chain reaction that started World War I. Germany lost the war and was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles, which imposed harsh penalties, including significant reparations and territorial losses. This led to widespread resentment and economic struggles. The Weimar Republic was established in 1919, but it struggled to gain legitimacy and faced challenges from various political parties. Hyperinflation and violence plagued the country, and the Nazi party, led by Adolf Hitler, began to gain popularity. Hitler became chancellor in 1933 and quickly consolidated power, banning opposition parties and pursuing an aggressive foreign policy. He remilitarized the Rhineland, annexed Austria, and invaded other territories, leading to the start of World War II.
KEY FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE RISE OF FASCISM
Economic Crisis
The economic crisis after World War I had a devastating impact on Italy and Germany. Many people lost their jobs, homes, and savings. This created a sense of desperation and frustration, making people more susceptible to extremist ideologies like fascism. The economic crisis was characterized by high inflation, unemployment, and poverty, which made it difficult for people to afford basic necessities. As a result, people became disillusioned with the existing political and economic systems, creating an opportunity for fascist leaders to capitalize on their discontent.
Weak Democratic Institution
The democratic institutions in Italy and Germany were weak and ineffective. They were unable to address the economic and social problems faced by the people. This created a power vacuum that fascist leaders like Mussolini and Hitler were able to exploit. The democratic institutions were also plagued by corruption, inefficiency, and partisan squabbles, which further eroded public trust. As a result, people began to look for alternative forms of governance, and fascist leaders were able to present themselves as a viable alternative.
Charismatic Leadership
Mussolini and Hitler were charismatic leaders who were able to inspire and mobilize large numbers of people. They used their charm, oratory skills, and propaganda to create a cult of personality around themselves. They were able to tap into the emotions and aspirations of the people, and presented themselves as strong leaders who could restore their countries to greatness. Their charisma and leadership skills were instrumental in building a loyal following and creating a sense of momentum around their movements.
Propaganda and Ideology
Fascist leaders used propaganda and ideology to shape public opinion and create a sense of urgency. They promoted a sense of national pride, unity, and purpose, and blamed certain groups (like Jews, communists, and minorities) for the country's problems. They used various forms of media, including newspapers, radio, and film, to disseminate their message and create a sense of excitement and enthusiasm around their ideology. Their ideology was often simplistic and emotionally appealing, and it resonated with people who felt disillusioned with the existing order.
Nationalist Sentiment
Nationalist sentiment was on the rise in Italy and Germany after World War I. Many people felt a sense of injustice and humiliation after the war, and fascist leaders were able to tap into this sentiment to promote their ideology. They emphasized the need for their countries to assert themselves on the world stage, and to reclaim their rightful place among the great powers. They also promoted a sense of nostalgia for a past era of greatness, and presented themselves as the guardians of their countries' heritage and traditions.
Fear of Communism
The fear of communism was also a significant factor in the rise of fascism. Many people in Italy and Germany were afraid of the spread of communism and saw fascism as a way to protect their countries from this perceived threat. The Russian Revolution had created a sense of alarm among the middle and upper classes, and fascist leaders were able to capitalize on this fear to promote their ideology. They presented themselves as the defenders of Western civilization and the bulwark against the spread of communism, and many people saw them as a viable alternative to the perceived threat of communism.
COMPARISON AND CONTRAST IN THE RISE OF FASCISM IN ITALY AND GERMANY
Similarities
Both Italy and Germany experienced a rise in fascist ideology after World War I, characterized by authoritarianism, nationalism, and suppression of opposition. The economic crises and sense of national humiliation after the war created fertile ground for fascist leaders to capitalize on the discontent. Both Mussolini and Hitler were charismatic leaders who used propaganda and ideology to shape public opinion and create a sense of urgency. They promoted a sense of national pride, unity, and purpose, and blamed certain groups for the country's problems.
Differences
The historical context of Italy and Germany differed significantly. Italy had a longer history of nationalism and imperial ambitions, while Germany had a more recent and traumatic experience with the Treaty of Versailles. The fascist ideologies of Mussolini and Hitler also had distinct characteristics. Mussolini's fascism was more focused on nationalism and authoritarianism, while Hitler's Nazism was more radical and emphasized racial purity and anti-Semitism. The paths to power of Mussolini and Hitler differed as well. Mussolini became prime minister of Italy through a combination of violence and politics, while Hitler came to power through a combination of electoral success and backroom deals.
Implications
The rise of fascism in Italy and Germany had significant implications for Europe and the world. It led to the outbreak of World War II, which resulted in unprecedented destruction and loss of life. The fascist regimes in Italy and Germany also had a profound impact on the people living under their rule. They suppressed opposition, censored the media, and perpetrated human rights abuses on a massive scale.
CONCLUSION
This research examined the key factors that contributed to the rise of fascism in Italy and Germany between 1918 and 1945. The study highlighted the similarities and differences between the two countries, including the role of economic crisis, weak democratic institutions, charismatic leadership, and propaganda.
The rise of fascism in Italy and Germany had significant implications for Europe and the world. It led to the outbreak of World War II, resulting in unprecedented destruction and loss of life. The fascist regimes in Italy and Germany also had a profound impact on the people living under their rule, suppressing opposition, censoring the media, and perpetrating human rights abuses on a massive scale.
The study of fascism is crucial in understanding the complexities of human behavior and the dangers of extremist ideologies. As we reflect on the rise of fascism in Italy and Germany, we are reminded of the importance of promoting critical thinking, strengthening democratic institutions, and protecting human rights. By examining the past, we can learn valuable lessons that can inform our actions in the present and shape a better future for all.
SOURCES
Holocaust Encyclopedia
From Retrospect Winter 2022/2023 by OKS Association| The King's school, Canterbury
Encyclopedia Britannica Online